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OK, so, Matthias Wivel's comments on my Oesterheld vs. Pratt post prompted me to write about Guido Buzzelli. The reason is the above drawing. Guido Buzzelli is one of my all time favorites (I suspect that you guessed it by reading my profile on the upper right corner), but, even so, this drawing made a strong impression on me. Hugo Pratt's doll is a romantic dream: the detached adventurer we all would like to be at a certain age. (And I remember what Dwight MacDonald said about Hemingway: "A feeling that loyalty and bravery are the cardinal virtues and that physical action is the basis of the good life - even when reinforced with the kind of nihilism most of us get over by the age of twenty - these don't add up to a philosophy." - Against the American Grain, Random House, 1962: 171 -; more than the philosophy part, what interests me in this quote is the juvenile nihilism that can also be detected in Hugo Pratt's beloved character.) Like Tintin, a reporter who never wrote a line, Corto Maltese is a sailor who didn't navigate much. We really don't know what he did for a living. We never saw him eating or worrying about where his next meal will come from...
In a word, so to speak: he doesn't have much of a normal daily life.
Guido Buzzelli's interpretation is an anti-escapist Corto Maltese instead of an homage. This is a true rugged sailor, with his skin burned by a hard life at sea. Its also rather uncommercial...
The Terzo Salone dei Comics (third comics convention) occurred from June 30 to July 2, 1967, and took place in Lucca, Italy. The event's catalogue Comics Almanacco published the first graphic novel in the restrict field: La rivolta dei racchi (the revolt of the ugly) by Guido Buzzelli.
Many discussions are happening these days because of the expression's semantics. Not being an essentialist I basically agree with Eddie Campbell (for reasons pertaining to publishing politics): "When he [Will Eisner] called that suite of short stories [A Contract With God] a 'graphic novel' he meant to draw attention to this thematic ambition. Neither the form nor the format was the relevant issue." The commercial series was the norm in comics. Here's how I described a series (owing a lot to Umberto Eco: Apocalittici e integrati, Comunicazioni di massa e teorie della cultura di massa, Bompiani, 1964) in the Comics Journal messboard (posted 04-23-99 10:36 AM):
"in order to exist the series must:
1 - Have an hero. The hero (be it Tintin or Corto Maltese or John Difool) is not a fully developed character, it's more of a void designed to be filled by the reader with positive things.
2 - A cast of stereotyped characters: the faithful reader knows that this one does this, that one does that. The reader who likes mainstream stuff usually doesn't want to be surprised (Obelix *always* says that he wants to drink the magic potion; Captain Haddock *always* wants to drink scotch; etc...).
3- A set of stereotyped situations. The plot obeys to a few fixed rules. In adventure comics the thing goes more or less like this: the bad guys attack, the bad guys defeat the good guys, the good guys make a come back and win. The End. In comical comics the hero (or antihero) always commits the same errors, etc...
4 - Adventure follows adventure and the hero and his friends never age. It's as if nothing happened from story to story (the few exceptions to this rule are far from being perfect).
5 - Psychological depth, what's that?!"
The graphic novel is a strategy to fight the blunt commercialism of the series, it's the anti-series. Calling a collection of children's stories (about superheroes, for instance) a "graphic novel" is a co-optation by the sharks, smelling fresh money. On the other hand it's true that the public acceptance of the "graphic novel" label happened after a commercial campaign led by alternative publishers (Drawn & Quarterly's Chris Oliveros at the front. O ponto não está tanto em sublinhar os modos de refazer as categorias tradicionais em Buzzelli, mas na recusa das próprias categorias tendo em vista uma nova concepção da banda desenhada.
Escrever isto, em cima do acontecimento (em 1967!), revela uma clarividência muito próxima do milagre; mas há mais: Mario Bologna continua e explica como as estruturas narrativas (leio Vladimir Propp nas entrelinhas) são radicalmente diferentes e como a realidade (ou a ideologia, se, pela minha parte, quiser ser mais preciso) aparece em surdina enquanto que "Para Buzzelli, pelo contrário, a realidade é ponto de partida e ponto de chegada". Brilhante, simplesmente, brilhante!...
Guido Buzzelli foi céptico e pessimista politicamente numa época em que a esquerda mais impôs, um pouco por todo o lado, ideias de revolução e de "Maios de 68". Foi um desenhador ímpar que utilizou o seu meio de eleição, a banda desenhada, para enfrentar e dar corpo aos seus fantasmas, ou, como disse o próprio, às suas "dúvidas e medos". Não vou insistir em caminhos críticos já trilhados por mim e por outros; vou antes terminar este post com algo que, parece-me, nunca foi dito: Guido Buzzelli tinha um pensamento visual simbólico. Provou-o ao criar as suas quimeras e alegorias (o Agnone, por exemplo). É dessa forma que temos de descodificar as estátuas que pontuam a sua obra. Só desse modo se entendem: não há objecto mais alegórico do que uma estátua num local público:
Passaggio pedonale, 1991
No quadro acima, que esteve presente na exposição do Palácio Galveias e em que Grazia Buzzelli viu uma manifestação do bulício da vida (foi o que me disse, na altura), eu vejo algo de mais sinistro: peões cabisbaixos e apressados andam, como marionetas, sob o comando de bonecreiros representados pelas estátuas as quais, aqui, são tudo menos decadentes. E lá estão o condottiere e o anjo, duas faces da mesma moeda. O facto de estarem à direita (o militarismo) e à esquerda (as boas intenções; lobos com pele de cordeiro) significa que não há saída para a rat race.
À maneira de pós-scriptum ainda proponho mais uma ilustração de Guido Buzzelli. Fica aqui como homenagem ao fundador da Editorial Presença, Francisco da Conceição Espadinha:
Violon dans le métro, 1981
It was February 24, 2004, 08:27 AM, on the Comics Journal Messboard. I'm not sure if this was the first time I listed these comics there (probably not), but that's what I did in that particular occasion. If I remember correctly (unfortunately I didn't write a crib sheet at the time) I did previously post what I now call "my canon" because I was fed up with the accusation of not liking comics at all because I found children's comics (and I do like Carl Barks' oeuvre) somewhat wanting (melodrama and manichaeism in particular bother me plenty).